From molecular sequence to analytical verification.
An editorial introduction to the scientific terminology, analytical concepts, evidence framework and peer-reviewed literature that structure responsible peptide research.
Foundational vocabulary.
- PeptideShort chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- SequenceThe defined order of amino acids that gives a peptide its identity.
- SynthesisChemical or biological process used to assemble a defined peptide.
- PurityProportion of the target peptide relative to impurities in a sample.
- IdentityConfirmation that a sample corresponds to the declared peptide.
- Analytical standardA characterized reference material used to verify identity and purity.
- In vitroResearch performed outside a living organism, e.g. in cell culture.
- PharmacokineticsHow a compound is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated.
- Half-lifeTime required for a concentration to decrease by half.
- Evidence levelA classification describing the maturity and rigour of available data.
Evidence levels.
Evidence levels describe research maturity. They do not constitute a recommendation or an endorsement of human use.
A curated index of peer-reviewed peptide research.
The references below are independently published peer-reviewed sources used to inform our editorial framework. They are listed for transparency and scientific orientation — not as endorsements of any compound, product or human use.
- 01 / 08TherapeuticsLevel 6 review
Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions.
Wang L, Wang N, Zhang W, et al.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · 2022
Open-access synthesis of clinically used peptide therapeutics across metabolic, oncologic and cardiovascular indications.
TherapeuticsLevel 6 reviewdoi:10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4Open source → - 02 / 08DiscoveryLevel 6 review
Trends in peptide drug discovery.
Muttenthaler M, King GF, Adams DJ, Alewood PF.
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · 2021
A landscape review of approved peptide drugs, modern discovery platforms, and structural strategies that improve drug-likeness.
DiscoveryLevel 6 reviewdoi:10.1038/s41573-020-00135-8Open source → - 03 / 08TherapeuticsLevel 6 review
Therapeutic peptides: historical perspectives, current development trends and future directions.
Lau JL, Dunn MK.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · 2018
Historical and structural analysis of FDA-approved peptide drugs and the chemical strategies driving their evolution.
TherapeuticsLevel 6 reviewdoi:10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.052Open source → - 04 / 08DiscoveryLevel 6 review
The current state of peptide drug discovery: back to the future?
Henninot A, Collins JC, Nuss JM.
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · 2018
Critical review of macrocyclic and constrained peptide platforms and their re-emergence in modern medicinal chemistry.
DiscoveryLevel 6 reviewdoi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00318Open source → - 05 / 08DiscoveryLevel 6 method review
Solid-phase peptide synthesis: from standard procedures to the synthesis of difficult sequences.
Behrendt R, White P, Offer J.
Journal of Peptide Science · 2016
Authoritative methodological review of Fmoc-SPPS, common side reactions and strategies for sequences prone to aggregation.
DiscoveryLevel 6 method reviewdoi:10.1002/psc.2836Open source → - 06 / 08DeliveryLevel 6 review
Peptide therapeutics: current status and future directions.
Fosgerau K, Hoffmann T.
Drug Discovery Today · 2015
Overview of delivery, half-life extension and formulation challenges shaping peptide pipeline strategy.
DeliveryLevel 6 reviewdoi:10.1016/j.drudis.2014.10.003Open source → - 07 / 08StabilityLevel 2 in vitro
Stability of peptide drugs in the colon and other physiological environments: a kinetic perspective.
Wang J, Yadav V, Smart AL, Tajiri S, Basit AW.
Molecular Pharmaceutics · 2015
Kinetic in vitro study quantifying proteolytic stability of model peptides across simulated physiological environments.
StabilityLevel 2 in vitrodoi:10.1021/mp500809fOpen source → - 08 / 08AnalyticalLevel 6 review
Related impurities in peptide medicines.
D'Hondt M, Bracke N, Taevernier L, et al.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · 2014
Classification of synthesis-, degradation- and formulation-related impurities in peptide drug products, with analytical control strategies.
AnalyticalLevel 6 reviewdoi:10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.012Open source →
All references link directly to the publisher record via DOI. Citations are reproduced for educational and editorial purposes; copyright remains with the respective publishers and authors. No content on this page is a substitute for qualified clinical, legal or regulatory consultation, and no compound described in the cited literature is offered by VisaVault Lifescience for human use.